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A psychologist has developed a set of activities intended to help children deve...

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A psychologist has developed a set of activities intended to help children develop better reading skills. In a study of the effectiveness of these activities, four classes of second grade children in a public school were invited to participate and the activities were conducted by their respective teachers. Two of the classes (A and B) learn with the activities. The other two classes (C and D) serve as the control and learn without the activities. After some period of time, the reading skills of all of these children were assessed. A summary of these data is:

Activities

n

x-bar

s

No Activities

n

x-bar

s

Class A

21

51.48

11.01

Class C

23

41.52

17.15

Class B

23

52.41

15.17

Class D

19

45.25

16.11

Overall

44

51.97

13.35

Overall

42

43.21

16.69

Suppose the psychologist uses a two sample t-test to test the hypothesis that  children who learn with the activities have higher mean reading skill test scores than children who do not learn with the activities, the degrees of freedom for the t-procedure by conservative method is equal to .

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