A

small weather sensor is being installed in the Dandenong Ranges near Melbourne,

where it will monitor temperature and humidity and send data wirelessly every

hour. The sensor is powered by a solar panel during the day, but it needs a

battery to store energy for night-time and cloudy conditions. The battery must

be:

-

Lightweight for easy transport by field technicians

-

Reliable in Melbourne’s variable climate (cold winters, warm summers)

-

Capable of lasting through many charge/discharge cycles

-

Cost-effective over time

As

materials engineers, your role is to understand how the materials used in

batteries affect their performance, durability, and suitability for different

environments.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN THE SPACE PROVIDED BELOW

(a)  

Name

and briefly describe the function of two main components of a battery, focusing

on the materials typically used for each and why they are chosen. (2 marks)

(b) 

Battery

technology is evolving rapidly, with new types such as lithium–sulfur and

lithium–air being developed for future applications. These batteries use

different materials to improve energy storage by offering higher energy

densities and lighter weights compared to traditional types.  In a short paragraph, explain how the

materials used in lithium–sulfur and lithium–air batteries differ from those in

conventional batteries like lead-acid and lithium-ion. Mention one potential

advantage and one challenge of using these future materials in real-world

applications. (3 marks)

(c)  What does cycle life mean in relation to

batteries, and why is it important for the weather sensor application in

Melbourne? (1 mark)

(d)  From a materials perspective, give one

example of how battery cycle life can be increased, and one example of a factor

that can reduce cycle life. (1 mark)

(e)  Based on the case study and your answers

above, which battery type (Lead-acid, Lithium-ion, NiMH, Lithium–sulfur, or

Lithium–air) would you recommend for the Melbourne weather sensor?