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Participantes

The sample consisted of 200 participants, including 100 females and 100 males, ranging in age from 20 to 70 years (M = 42.7, SD = 12.5). Participants were eligible if they were aged 20 years or older, fluent in English, and without cognitive impairments. Exclusion criteria included any history of neurological disorders or current use of psychoactive medication.

Participants were recruited from local community centers and online forums. They were compensated with a $25 gift card upon completion of the study. Recruitment spanned from February to April 2024.

A priori power analysis was conducted to determine the appropriate sample size. The analysis indicated that a sample of at least 180 participants would be required to detect a small to medium effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.35) with a power of 0.80 and an alpha level of 0.05.

Informed consent was obtained from all participants, ensuring that their participation was voluntary and their responses were confidential. Baseline comparisons showed no significant differences between groups regarding age, gender, or other demographic variables (p > 0.05).