The IPCC reports include examinations of how the world’s climate will differ depending on how much greenhouse gas is emitted by humans.

Goyal et al. (2021) ran a simulation without any tropical land regions in the Southern Hemisphere, finding that this changed the variability around Antarctica, showing a tropical influence on polar weather.

Simulations of the 20th century climate are run with and without different forcing agents to attempt to determine which ones lead to the observed increase in global-mean temperature.

Every day the Bureau of Meteorology runs their weather model forward in time by 7 days to inform people about what the weather might be.

Boos & Kuang (2010) ran a simulation of the Earth without the Himalayas. They found that the Indian monsoon in the model was much weaker than when the mountains were present, suggesting that the mountain range was an important factor contributing to rainfall in India.