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A group of middle managers in a company are required to undergo a training pro...
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A group of middle managers in a company are required to undergo a training programme aimed at improving their leadership abilities. A researcher wants to establish the effectiveness of the training programme. She tests each participant before the training commences on a questionnaire that measures the leadership ability of each participant as well as on their score on a scale that measures self-esteem. After the training programme is completed, each participant is again tested for their leadership ability. The table below shows the results of the measurements.
Case
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
10
|
11
|
12
|
13
|
14
|
15
|
16
|
17
|
Gender
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
SelfEst
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
1
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
3
|
2
|
2
|
3
|
3
|
4
|
2
|
2
|
3
|
3
|
Lead1
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
3
|
4
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
5
|
4
|
5
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
6
|
Lead2
|
6
|
6
|
3
|
4
|
6
|
7
|
4
|
5
|
4
|
6
|
7
|
6
|
5
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
5
|
Key:
The variable Gender is coded with 1 = Male; 2 = Female.
SelfEst is a variable indicating self-esteem and was measured on a 5-point scale (ranging from 1=’low self-esteem’ to 5=’high self-esteem’).
Leadership ability was
measured twice on a 7-point scale (with 1=’very low leadership ability’ up to
7=’very high leadership ability’).
Lead1indicates the measurement before the training programme, while
Lead2represents the measurement
thereafter.
In which of the following intervals would a test statistic (using the information taken from the case study) fall if it is calculated? (Use the absolute value of the calculated test statistic).