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Kinds of logical fallacies include the fallacy of accident, the converse fallacy...
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Kinds of logical fallacies include the fallacy of accident, the converse fallacy of accident and the fallacy of irrelevant conclusion.The fallacy of accident is committed when a generally true sentence is taken to be true in cases where a special factor, an “accident”, does not allow it. For instance, while it is generally accepted that airplanes are safe, it would be wrong to think that they remain safe in extreme weather conditions. The converse fallacy of accident is to generalize from cases where special factors are at play. It would be fallacious, then, to assert that simply because flight in extreme weather conditions is dangerous, it is generally dangerous.The fallacy of irrelevant conclusion involves unjustifiable change of issue when it is understood that the argument cannot be concluded satisfactorily. For instance, if the question “Why do you say that our economic policy is bad?” is answered with the statement “because your chief economist is an alcoholic” the fallacy of irrelevant conclusion has been committed. This particular kind of irrelevant conclusion is called the ad hominem argument (speaking “against the person” and not against the person's view or ideas). The ad populum fallacy of irrelevant conclusion appeals to the opinion of the many, as in the case where the question “Why do you believe that lowering taxes will help the economy?” is answered with the statement “because all taxpayers say so.” The ad verecundiam (“to awe”) irrelevant conclusion tries to conclude an argument satisfactorily by appealing to a person's status of being held in general respect, as in the sentence “you should follow his advice because he is your father.” The ad ignoratio (“to ignorance”) conclusion assumes that something is true simply because it has not been shown to be false. The sentence “No one has said that John is lazy so he can't possibly be” is one example of such irrelevant conclusions. Finally the ad baculum (“to force”) irrelevant conclusion argues for a point by threatening its non-acceptance with use of violence.Circularity is not so much a logical fallacy but an ineptitude in arguing. It occurs when a series of premises depending on one assumption can only reach a conclusion by re-using the assumption as a proven premise. Below is an example: (1) The New York Knicks are the best basketball team in the country.(2) They are the best because of the shooting ability of Smith and Jones.(3) Smith and Jones have great shooting ability since they play for the NY Knicks who, after all, are the best basketball team in the country.What is the main topic of this passage?
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