The lexico-grammatical meaning of non-finite forms is of a 'dual nature.' How is the verbal meaning of 'action, process' presented by the Participle specifically?

Question

The lexico-grammatical meaning of non-finite forms is of a 'dual nature.' How is the verbal meaning of 'action, process' presented by the  Participle  specifically?

Answer

It is presented as a 'circumstance of another action' (like an adverb).

Answer

It is presented as some kind of 'substance' (like a noun).

Answer

It is presented as a 'qualifying action' (like a verb), but with a zero grammatical morpheme.

Answer

It is presented as a 'qualifying action,' functioning either as a property of some substance (like an adjective) or a circumstance of another action (like an adverb).

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The lexico-grammatical meaning of non-finite forms is of a 'dual nature.' How is...

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