The figure shows the En-ROADS model used during Lab 3 to study climate predictions, mitigation, and policies.

a. [5 pts] Calculate the CO₂ Emission from Energy (in Gton C/year) projected for 2050 using the Kaya Identity Model (see values for each variable in the figure).

Note that: 

Emissions = Population x GDP per Capita x Energy Intensity x Carbon Intensity

1 Mega (M) = million = 10⁶

1 Giga (G) = billion = 10⁹

1 Tera (T) = trillion = 10¹²

1 Exa (E) = billion billion = 10¹⁸

b. [5 pts] Should we act to reduce carbon emissions now to avoid a possible worst-case scenario or should we be certain that climate change is serious before taking action due to high costs of reducing emissions? Explain.

c. [5 pts] Describe one crucial action related to energy supply that should be part of a coherent climate policy to limit global warming.