Filtering special characters in SQL queries when dynamic queries are unavoidable.

Input validation and sanitization to reject malicious characters and patterns.

Implementing least privilege access for database user accounts.

Storing SQL queries in encrypted files to prevent code injection.

 Use of parameterized queries or prepared statements to handle user input safely.

Disabling all user inputs to avoid injection risks completely.

Logging and monitoring database queries for unusual or unauthorized behavior.

Dynamic query construction using string concatenation for flexible handling of input.