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Suppose the two variables, x and y, are integrated of order one, and their linear combination is tested using the Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test, yielding the following results: test statistic = −4.15 and critical value = −3.97.
You want to construct either
(a) an Error Correction Model (ECM), or
(b) a model in differences:
Which model is most appropriate?