______ , or in arbitration clauses (in which the parties agree

to before the case has been raised) included in existing commercial contracts

between the parties. It is an increasingly common practice for companies to

include international arbitration agreements in their commercial contracts with

other companies, so that when disputes arise, there is an obligation to resort

to arbitration. Arbitration may also be used after the dispute has been raised.

In that case it is referred to as a presentation or filing agreement