A biopharmaceutical company is investigating the potential of a newly discovered deep-sea sponge found within Malaysia's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) for its anti-cancer properties. Based on the international legal frameworks discussed in the presentation, which of the following combinations of agreements and principles would be most directly applicable to govern the company's access to this resource and the subsequent sharing of any benefits?

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The Nagoya Protocol, which requires Prior Informed Consent (PIC) and Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT), under the overarching sovereignty established by the UNCLOS definition of the EEZ.

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Primarily national legislation, as international treaties like the Nagoya Protocol and UNCLOS do not apply to sovereign waters such as the EEZ.

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The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) alone, as it provides the fundamental principles of conservation without the need for specific access agreements.

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The "common heritage of mankind" principle under UNCLOS, supplemented by the BBNJ Agreement for benefit-sharing mechanisms.

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A biopharmaceutical company is investigating the potential of a newly discover...

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