is more of a bottom-up approach, moving from

the more specific to the more general, in which we make specific observations

of the examples.

are involving taking control of the emotional

conditions and experiences that shape one’s subjective involvement in learning.

involving higher-order strategies aimed at

analyzing, monitoring, evaluating, planning, and organizing one’s own learning

process

are the set of

emotions and attitudes people have about themselves or the surrounding

environment.

is essentially a top-down approach which moves

from the more general to the more specific.

is a general term describing the carryover of

previous performance or knowledge to subsequent learning. It is influence of

the learner’s native language in a second language.

are tools and techniques that learners develop

as they learn

is the one that learners feel when they want to be part

of the class, team, and thrive with it.

refers to a

practical or pragmatic reason for language study such as passing a language

requirement, getting a monetary reward such as an increase in pay grade for

language competence

is negative transfer, when prior knowledge is incorrectly

transferred or incorrectly associated with an item to be learned and interferes

our performance.