Given the following valid argument, choose the best answer. 1. P(a) \wedge (\forall x~ (P(x) \to Q(x))) 2. \forall x~ (P(x) \to Q(x)) 3. P(a) \to Q(a) 4. P(a) 5. Q(a) Which inference rule is used to derive step 3?

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Given the following valid argument, choose the best answer.

1. $P(a) \wedge (\forall x~ (P(x) \to Q(x)))$ P(a) \wedge (\forall x~ (P(x) \to Q(x)))

2. $\forall x~ (P(x) \to Q(x))$ \forall x~ (P(x) \to Q(x))

3. $P(a) \to Q(a)$ P(a) \to Q(a)

4. P(a)

5. Q(a)

Which inference rule is used to derive step 3?

Universal Instantiation

Simplification

Conjuction

Modus Ponens

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