Misappropriation refers to the unlawful presentation of another person’s (natural or legal person’s) research idea or plan, results, data or observations as one’s own research.

Using a ghost author (i.e. someone else) to produce written assignments, practical assign-ments, a thesis or other work on your behalf

Misconduct in the performance or documentation of a work placement

Plagiarism, or unacknowledged borrowing, refers to representing another person’s research plans, manuscripts, reports, study assignments, examination answers, translations or other texts as one’s own without appropriate references. Plagiarism includes direct copying as well as adapted copying.

Cheating in an examination or other similar action

Fabrication, which is the reporting of invented observations and results.

Falsification, which is modifying and presenting original observations deliberately so that the results based on those observations are distorted. The selection and omission of re-search results is also considered falsification.