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A group of middle managers in a company are required to undergo a trainin...
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A group of middle managers in a company are required to undergo a training programme aimed at improving their leadership abilities. A researcher wants to establish the effectiveness of the training programme. She tests each participant before the training commences on a questionnaire that measures the leadership ability of each participant as well as on their score on a scale that measures self-esteem. After the training programme is completed, each participant is again tested for their leadership ability. The table below shows the results of the measurements.
Case
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
10
|
11
|
12
|
13
|
14
|
15
|
16
|
17
|
Gender
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
SelfEst
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
1
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
3
|
2
|
2
|
3
|
3
|
4
|
2
|
2
|
3
|
3
|
Lead1
|
5
|
4
|
3
|
3
|
4
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
5
|
4
|
5
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
6
|
Lead2
|
6
|
6
|
3
|
4
|
6
|
7
|
4
|
5
|
4
|
6
|
7
|
6
|
5
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
5
|
Key:
The variable Gender is coded with 1 = Male; 2 = Female.
SelfEst is a variable indicating self-esteem and was measured on a 5-point scale (ranging from 1=’low self-esteem’ to 5=’high self-esteem’).
Leadership ability was
measured twice on a 7-point scale (with 1=’very low leadership ability’ up to
7=’very high leadership ability’).
Lead1indicates the measurement before the training programme, while
Lead2represents the measurement
thereafter.
Which of the following is the result if this test statistic (using all the information in the case study) is calculated? The value of the test statistic will fall - - - - -.