According to William Gumede, 'Why Africans continue to vote for toxic liberation movements' (2021), the ANC, Zimbabwe's Zimbabwean African National Union-Patriotic Front (Zanu-PF), and Angola's People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) were considered liberation movements. For over 20 years, they have been the dominant and ruling political parties in their respective nations. What best describes their changed status from movements to political parties?

Question

According to William Gumede, 'Why Africans continue to vote for toxic liberation movements' (2021), the ANC, Zimbabwe's Zimbabwean African National Union-Patriotic Front (Zanu-PF), and Angola's People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) were considered liberation movements. For over 20 years, they have been the dominant and ruling political parties in their respective nations. What best describes their changed status from movements to political parties?

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Their expulsion of whites and undocumented illegal immigrants

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The disarmament of their military forces

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Their introduction of a new political ideology to society

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The formal establishment of their organizations as poltical parties in order to govern in the national interest

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Their expanded number of memberships

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According to William Gumede, 'Why Africans continue to vote for toxic liberation...

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