South Africa has experienced several observable changes linked to climate change, including: an increase in the frequency of heatwaves, which leads to higher temperatures and prolonged periods of extreme heat, with implications for public health, agriculture and energy demand; changes in precipitation patterns, which result in more intense rainfall events and longer periods of drought in certain regions, posing challenges for water resource management, agriculture and ecosystem health; more intense storms and flash floods, which cause damage to infrastructure, the displacement of communities and economic losses, with urban areas particularly vulnerable due to inadequate drainage systems and rapid urbanisation; impacts on agricultural productivity through altered rainfall patterns, heat stress on crops and livestock, and increased pest and disease outbreaks, with implications for food security and rural livelihoods; and warmer temperatures and drier conditions, which increase the likelihood and severity of wildfires, particularly in the Western Cape and other fire-prone areas, posing risks to human lives, property and ecosystems. The increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events due to climate change are putting upward pressure on non-life insurance premiums in South Africa. This trend is an example of which insurance principle?