Plant and calcareous shells and other parts of marine organisms are buried and form sedimentary rocks through lithification and diagenesis where carbon is stored in the rocks for millions-billions of years.

Silicate-mineral weathering converts atmospheric carbon dioxide to dissolved bicarbonate, which is stored in the oceans for thousands to tens of thousands of years.

Carbon-bearing sediments are transferred by subduction to the mantle, where the carbon may be stored for tens of millions to billions of years.

Living organisms consume carbon dioxide from atmosphere through photosynthesis and take that carbon to make their tissues and substances.

Carbon dioxide from within the Earth is released back to the atmosphere during volcanic eruptions, where it is stored for years to decades.