.  

Relying exclusively on

conventional gray infrastructure for all water conveyance and treatment in

urban planning & designing.

Integrating the

management of the entire urban water (rainwater, stormwater, groundwater, and

wastewater) into urban planning and infrastructure design holistically.

Focusing water

management solely on post-development retrofitting rather than early-stage planning

& design integration.

Designing just a

pipe-based drainage system that maximizes the speed of runoff to prevent local reservoir

overflow.

Managing stormwater,

wastewater, and potable water as entirely separate, independent systems in an

urban setting.