FMT stimulates host macrophages to phagocytose C. difficile spores more efficiently, preventing recurrence.

FMT introduces donor antibodies that directly neutralize C. difficile toxins in the recipient’s intestine.

FMT restores microbial diversity that outcompetes C. difficile for nutrients and niches, re-establishes metabolic by-products that inhibit pathogen growth, and strengthens colonization resistance.

FMT supplies bacteriophages that specifically lyse C. difficile, acting similarly to targeted antimicrobial therapy.