Summary: Procedures

1. Understand the text.

2. Underline the sentences which are important for the summary.

3. Divide the text into paragraphs.

4. Find headings for the different paragraphs.

5. Write down key-words (not more than 20) which are important for the

summary.

(Learn the vocabulary and the structures you need for the summary )

(If necessary transform direct speech into reported speech - only if there is

an important idea or fact in it).

6. Write the summary in your own words using conjunctions, relative clauses

or participle constructions.

The text

• is about...

• deals with...

• presents...

• describes...

In the text

• the reader gets to know...

• the reader is confronted with...

• the reader is told about...

The author

(the narrator)

• says, states, points out that...

• claims, believes, thinks that...

• describes, explains, makes clear that...

• uses examples to confirm/prove that...

• agrees/disagrees with the view ...

• contradicts the view

• criticises/analyses/ comments on...

• tries to express...

• argues that...

• suggests that...

• compares X to Y...

• emphasizes his point by saying that...

• doubts that...

• tries to convince the readers that...

• concludes that...