The Day the River Changed Its Course

Last August, I joined a three-day environmental expedition organized by my university to

investigate the condition of a river that supplied water to several villages in Central Java. Although

I had participated in similar activities before, this expedition turned out to be considerably more

challenging than I had anticipated.

On the first morning, our team walked nearly eight kilometers through a forested area before

reaching the upper section of the river. The water there was surprisingly clear, but several fallen

trees had altered its natural flow. Our guide explained that a landslide months earlier had blocked

part of the original channel, forcing the river to find an alternative route. We initially considered

the appeared stable.

However, our assumption was challenged the following day. After heavy rain fell throughout the

night, the temporary channel expanded rapidly. By noon, water had begun flowing toward a small

settlement that had never experienced flooding before. Rather than immediately attempting to

redirect the river, our team contacted local residents and examined the surrounding terrain. We

discovered that several natural drainage paths had already been obstructed by agricultural waste.

On the final day, we worked with villagers to clear the blocked drainage channels. The work was

exhausting, and progress was slower than expected. Nevertheless, by late afternoon, the water level

had begun to decrease.

Looking back, the expedition taught me that environmental problems rarely have simple causes.

What initially appeared to be a natural event had been

The word “intensified” in the final paragraph is closest in meaning to....

The Day the River Changed Its Course

Last August, I joined a three-day environmental expedition organized by my university to

investigate the condition of a river that supplied water to several villages in Central Java. Although

I had participated in similar activities before, this expedition turned out to be considerably more

challenging than I had anticipated.

On the first morning, our team walked nearly eight kilometers through a forested area before

reaching the upper section of the river. The water there was surprisingly clear, but several fallen

trees had altered its natural flow. Our guide explained that a landslide months earlier had blocked

part of the original channel, forcing the river to find an alternative route. We initially considered

the appeared stable.

However, our assumption was challenged the following day. After heavy rain fell throughout the

night, the temporary channel expanded rapidly. By noon, water had begun flowing toward a small

settlement that had never experienced flooding before. Rather than immediately attempting to

redirect the river, our team contacted local residents and examined the surrounding terrain. We

discovered that several natural drainage paths had already been obstructed by agricultural waste.

On the final day, we worked with villagers to clear the blocked drainage channels. The work was

exhausting, and progress was slower than expected. Nevertheless, by late afternoon, the water level

had begun to decrease.

Looking back, the expedition taught me that environmental problems rarely have simple causes.

What initially appeared to be a natural event had been

What can be inferred from the writer’s initial reaction to the new river channel?

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This double loop fills an n-by-n matrix. Its running time as a function of n is:

for i in range(n):
    for j in range(n):
        c[i][j] = 1.0 if i == j else 0.0

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