A 40-year-old patient is diagnosed with

influenza (a viral infection). The patient’s immune system is actively fighting

the virus, but they are prescribed an antiviral medication to help speed up

recovery.

A. Which type of immunity responds first to the

influenza virus?

What is the primary reason for some vaccines requiring booster shots?

Which of the following is a common side effect of most

vaccines?

Which of the following is a characteristic of

mRNA vaccines, such as the COVID-19 vaccines by Pfizer and Moderna?

C. 

Why are antivirals prescribed for influenza

instead of antibiotics?

resistance occurs when bacteria

evolve mechanisms to survive exposure to antibiotics.

The COVID pandemic hit and you want to design a PCR kit to identify the positive patients. 

B. What all components will you add to the PCR testing kit?

What is the primary requirement for the

activation of B cells during the immune response?

Antibiotic ‘DEF’ disrupts the bacterial cell

wall by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. Explain three

mechanisms by which bacteria could become resistant to antibiotic DEF.