Formative assessments are informal and ongoing; summative assessments are formal and occur at the end of a learning period.

Formative assessments are standardized; summative assessments focus on  feedback.

Formative assessments focus on grading; summative assessments focus on feedback.

Formative assessments are standardized; summative assessments are flexible.

Мовна гра

Фігура мови

Гра слів

It should be easy and enjoyable for the reader.

It should always be at an advanced level to challenge the reader.

It should be complex and require dictionary use.

It should focus exclusively on factual information

літературної обробки.

літературознавчого аналізу.

первісного сприйняття.

міждискурсивність

полідискурсивність

монодискурсивність

They act as placeholders for unknown terms.

They limit the need for understanding context.

They are used only in informal texts.

They provide cues about text structure and relationships between ideas.

літературнознавчому аналізі

науковому аналізі

сприйнятті та інтерпретації

To focus only on vocabulary development.

To condense the text to essential points.

To expand upon every minor detail in the text.

To find specific information within the text.