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A researcher is interested in seeing if there is an association between whether or not an

individual uses a smart phone right before bed and how well an individual sleeps. Participants

in the study report whether or not they used a smart phone before bed and then rate their

quality of sleep as either “very poor,” “poor,” “average,” “good,” or “very good.” The

researcher concludes at the end of the study that there is an association between the two

variables. Which of the following statements is/are

true?

The explanatory variable is sleep quality and the response variable is whether or not a participant uses a smart phone. An association was present, so the researcher can say the response and explanatory variables are not independent.

The explanatory variable is whether or not a participant uses a smart phone and the response variable is sleep quality. An association was present, so the researcher can say the response and explanatory variables are independent.

The explanatory variable is sleep quality and the response variable is whether or not a participant uses a smart phone. An association was present, so the researcher can determine that smart phone use right before bed causes change in quality of sleep.

The explanatory variable is whether or not a participant uses a smart phone and the response variable is sleep quality. An association was present, so the researcher can determine that smart phone use right before bed causes change in quality of sleep.

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