acquire inventory

sell merchandise

hire and train employees

collect payment from customers

Decentralised management of data

Data integration

Data sharing

Minimal data redundancy

a utility bill

a bill of lading

POS (point-of-sale) scanners in retail stores

a subsidiary ledger

A customer service representative can find a customer's account data, purchase history, payment history, and salesperson's name while on the phone with the customer, to resolve issues quickly.

Client tax files are encrypted and made available on the CPA firm's network system to the employees with the correct access codes only.

All employees at a hospital can access and update patient records from any computer terminal in the hospital.

Suppliers are able to access sales data (e.g., the quantity of specific items sold) directly from the point-of-sale system of a retailer and deliver inventory automatically when needed.

redundancies.

efficiency.

discrepancies.

integration issues.

Understand how to analyze large sets of data

Understand how data are stored

Understand how to access and retrieve data

Understand how to improve data transparency

artificial intelligence

blockchain

data analytics

cloud computing

artificial intelligence

internet of things

cloud computing

virtualisation

Cloud computing costs are relatively low.

For a small and medium-sized enterprise, its own legacy physical infrastructure provides higher functionality than cloud computing.

Organisations using cloud computing are forced to adopt standardised processes.

Cloud computing allows employees to work from everywhere with internet.

∆H_A = ∆H_B + ∆H_C

∆H_C = ∆H_A + ∆H_B

∆H_B = ∆H_A + ∆H_C