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An agricultural chemical is applied to soil, but only part reaches its intended target. Some moves downward with water, some is carried away in runoff, some volatilizes, and another fraction is transformed through microbial and chemical reactions. From an environmental-management perspective, what is the most important conclusion from these simultaneous pathways?

Soil application does not guarantee that a chemical will remain at the application site; transport and transformation processes can redistribute it among soil, water, and air and may convert it into harmful or harmless products.

Once applied to soil, an organic chemical has only one possible environmental fate.

Leaching and runoff are forms of pesticide degradation and therefore always eliminate environmental risk.

Volatilization permanently removes a pesticide from the environment without creating any possibility of air pollution.

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What is the primary function of an oil boom?

Convert crude oil directly into carbon dioxide.

Contain floating oil so that it can be more easily recovered.

Chemically oxidize petroleum hydrocarbons.

Increase the density of oil so it sinks.

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Why are lakes, reservoirs, and ponds generally more vulnerable to contamination than streams?

They generally have less mixing and aeration.

They cannot contain dissolved oxygen.

They receive no groundwater.

They contain no microorganisms capable of decomposition.

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Which marine-pollution source is associated with accidents, garbage disposal, and ballast-water discharge?

Atmospheric input

Agricultural input

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Which of the following is an example of a microbial pesticide?

A synthetic metal compound used to kill all organisms

A fertilizer used to increase crop yield

A microorganism used as the active ingredient to control a particular pest

A mechanical trap used to capture rodents

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Which statement best explains why controlling sulfur dioxide emissions alone may not completely solve acid-deposition problems?

Nitrogen oxides and other contributing compounds can continue to generate acidic deposition even when sulfur dioxide declines.

Sulfur dioxide has no relationship to acid deposition.

Acid deposition occurs only through dry particles and therefore cannot be controlled through emission reductions.

Acid deposition is controlled entirely by carbon dioxide.

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Marine debris such as plastic bags can harm sea turtles because:

Plastic dissolves immediately into toxic acids.

Plastic increases the insulation value of marine animals.

Plastic prevents all sunlight from entering the ocean.

Floating plastic bags may resemble jellyfish and be mistaken for food.

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Why is groundwater contamination especially difficult to manage?

Groundwater pollution is always visible before it becomes hazardous.

Groundwater may be renewed slowly, allowing pollution to persist, while cleanup is technically difficult and expensive.

Groundwater moves so rapidly that pollutants cannot be located.

Groundwater is naturally sterile and therefore cannot degrade contaminants.

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