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For a hypothesis over parts ('20% of swans are black') when only a fraction is checked, it is: (Select all that apply.)
Both verifiable and falsifiable with certainty
❌
Neither verifiable nor falsifiable with certainty (one might use a statistical test)
✅
Only falsifiable
❌
Only verifiable
❌
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For an EXISTENTIAL hypothesis ('A black swan exists') when only a small fraction of cases is checked, it is: (Select all that apply.)
Both verifiable and falsifiable
❌
Only falsifiable
❌
Neither verifiable nor falsifiable
❌
Only verifiable
✅
View this question
For a UNIVERSAL hypothesis ('All swans are white') when only a small fraction of cases is checked, it is: (Select all that apply.)
Both verifiable and falsifiable
❌
Only falsifiable
✅
Neither verifiable nor falsifiable
❌
Only verifiable
❌
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Which slogan(s) capture Popper's falsificationism? (Select all that apply.)
The simplest explanation is the best
❌
Look for all the white swans
❌
Don't look for all the white swans, try to find a single black swan
✅
The more I look, the more evidence there is
❌
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Popper's falsificationism advises that, to gain confidence in a theory, you should: (Select all that apply.)
Check whether most scientists agree with it
❌
Try to disprove it; the more challenging attempts fail, the more certain you can be
✅
Collect as much confirming data as possible
❌
Ensure it is mathematically provable
❌
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Abduction (seeking the simplest, most likely explanation) is most closely related to which principle? (Select all that apply.)
Modus tollens
❌
Bayes' theorem
❌
Gödel's incompleteness
❌
Occam's razor
✅
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Induction is best described as: (Select all that apply.)
Deriving a specific case from a general law
❌
Deriving a general principle from a body of observations
✅
Proving a statement is unprovable
❌
Choosing the explanation with fewest assumptions
❌
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In deduction, the conclusion follows from the premises in what way? (Select all that apply.)
As the simplest available guess
❌
As a logically compelling consequence
✅
As an empirically untestable claim
❌
As a probable generalization from observations
❌
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Which methods of reasoning are mentioned in the presentation for forming new scientific theories? (Select all that apply.)
Abduction
✅
Deduction
✅
Correlation
❌
Verification
❌
Induction
✅
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According to the presentation, what is the main goal of science? (Select all that apply.)
To maximize citations
❌
To prove all theories permanently
❌
To acquire knowledge about the world
✅
To eliminate all subjectivity from research
❌
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