Read the text below. Match 4 to choices (A-H). There are three choices you do not need to use.

When we slouch on the couch and spend hours staring at that colourful electronic box called a television, we are actually, subconsciously, taking in hours of subtle indoctrination via TV commercials. The study, published online in the International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, found that teens who watch more than 5 hours of TV each day are more likely to become fast food junkies when they reach young adulthood.

1 .......

The study had looked at data on 1,366 students from high school and 564 students from middle school. The researchers found that high school students who watched over 5 hours of TV each day consumed less fruits, vegetables, whole grains and calcium-rich foods as young adults, and instead had a higher intake of fast food, fried foods, snack foods, sugary drinks as well as foods with trans fats. It seems the advertisements for fast food restaurants and other similar junk foods are having an impact. 'Television watching impacts diet choices adolescents make five years later,' said Daheia Barr-Anderson, an assistant professor of kinesiology and the leader of the study. She further conjectured that snacking during TV time makes the young ones more likely to eat the foods which are being advertised.

2 .......

This study has brought our attention to an important issue — the impact of the media is real and very pronounced. 'This research tugs not so gently at the wool in front of all of our eyes — revealing that heavy TV viewing, especially of food advertising — makes a difference to our children's diets,' said Frederick J Zimmerman, an assistant professor at the Child Health Institute of the University of Washington. 'This research suggests that heavy TV-viewing adolescents consume about 200 more calories per day than those who watch a moderate amount of TV. That is a lot of calories by anyone's count,' he said. Zimmerman also added that these findings will not be unexpected for people familiar with research connecting TV, advertising and diet.

3.......

The kids are still very young, and it is clear that parents have an important role to play in influencing their habits and choices. This is another key issue which we need to take note of. 'Parents need to adhere to the American Academy of Paediatrics' recommendation that children watch less than two hours of quality television per day,' said Barr-Anderson. 'This study is a clear wake-up call that entertainment media matter when it comes to health. Given the current obesity and overweight crisis in America, this study provides clear evidence that kids and parents should make a point of reducing sedentary time spent in front of a TV screen,' she said.

4 .......

Another recent worrying study on the state of health of our young ones include how poor sleep and lack of sleep were found to be causing heightened blood pressure in healthy adolescents. This increase could not be explained by other factors such as obesity or socioeconomic status. Even more alarming was what a study revealed — that children and teenagers had arteries which were as degenerated as middle aged adults. The study had found that more than 50 % of the 70 young persons who were involved in the study were about 3 decades older than their actual age. Intuitively, we could probably link all the adverse health effects. Too much late night TV, for example, would be a contributing factor for lack of sleep, while overindulgence in junk foods also harms arterial and heart health.

5 .......

'For those looking to nudge their families in the right direction, implement a rule in your home of no eating while the TV is on. Or if that's too tough, then insist that only fruits and vegetables and water get consumed while viewing TV. You could also require that for every hour of TV viewed, each member of the family needs to engage in at least 20 minutes of vigorous exercise,' suggested Thompson.

Read the text below. Match 3 to choices (A-H). There are three choices you do not need to use.

When we slouch on the couch and spend hours staring at that colourful electronic box called a television, we are actually, subconsciously, taking in hours of subtle indoctrination via TV commercials. The study, published online in the International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, found that teens who watch more than 5 hours of TV each day are more likely to become fast food junkies when they reach young adulthood.

1 .......

The study had looked at data on 1,366 students from high school and 564 students from middle school. The researchers found that high school students who watched over 5 hours of TV each day consumed less fruits, vegetables, whole grains and calcium-rich foods as young adults, and instead had a higher intake of fast food, fried foods, snack foods, sugary drinks as well as foods with trans fats. It seems the advertisements for fast food restaurants and other similar junk foods are having an impact. 'Television watching impacts diet choices adolescents make five years later,' said Daheia Barr-Anderson, an assistant professor of kinesiology and the leader of the study. She further conjectured that snacking during TV time makes the young ones more likely to eat the foods which are being advertised.

2 .......

This study has brought our attention to an important issue — the impact of the media is real and very pronounced. 'This research tugs not so gently at the wool in front of all of our eyes — revealing that heavy TV viewing, especially of food advertising — makes a difference to our children's diets,' said Frederick J Zimmerman, an assistant professor at the Child Health Institute of the University of Washington. 'This research suggests that heavy TV-viewing adolescents consume about 200 more calories per day than those who watch a moderate amount of TV. That is a lot of calories by anyone's count,' he said. Zimmerman also added that these findings will not be unexpected for people familiar with research connecting TV, advertising and diet.

3.......

The kids are still very young, and it is clear that parents have an important role to play in influencing their habits and choices. This is another key issue which we need to take note of. 'Parents need to adhere to the American Academy of Paediatrics' recommendation that children watch less than two hours of quality television per day,' said Barr-Anderson. 'This study is a clear wake-up call that entertainment media matter when it comes to health. Given the current obesity and overweight crisis in America, this study provides clear evidence that kids and parents should make a point of reducing sedentary time spent in front of a TV screen,' she said.

4 .......

Another recent worrying study on the state of health of our young ones include how poor sleep and lack of sleep were found to be causing heightened blood pressure in healthy adolescents. This increase could not be explained by other factors such as obesity or socioeconomic status. Even more alarming was what a study revealed — that children and teenagers had arteries which were as degenerated as middle aged adults. The study had found that more than 50 % of the 70 young persons who were involved in the study were about 3 decades older than their actual age. Intuitively, we could probably link all the adverse health effects. Too much late night TV, for example, would be a contributing factor for lack of sleep, while overindulgence in junk foods also harms arterial and heart health.

5 .......

'For those looking to nudge their families in the right direction, implement a rule in your home of no eating while the TV is on. Or if that's too tough, then insist that only fruits and vegetables and water get consumed while viewing TV. You could also require that for every hour of TV viewed, each member of the family needs to engage in at least 20 minutes of vigorous exercise,' suggested Thompson.

Read the text below. Match 1 to choices (A-H). There are three choices you do not need to use.

When we slouch on the couch and spend hours staring at that colourful electronic box called a television, we are actually, subconsciously, taking in hours of subtle indoctrination via TV commercials. The study, published online in the International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, found that teens who watch more than 5 hours of TV each day are more likely to become fast food junkies when they reach young adulthood.

1 .......

The study had looked at data on 1,366 students from high school and 564 students from middle school. The researchers found that high school students who watched over 5 hours of TV each day consumed less fruits, vegetables, whole grains and calcium-rich foods as young adults, and instead had a higher intake of fast food, fried foods, snack foods, sugary drinks as well as foods with trans fats. It seems the advertisements for fast food restaurants and other similar junk foods are having an impact. 'Television watching impacts diet choices adolescents make five years later,' said Daheia Barr-Anderson, an assistant professor of kinesiology and the leader of the study. She further conjectured that snacking during TV time makes the young ones more likely to eat the foods which are being advertised.

2 .......

This study has brought our attention to an important issue — the impact of the media is real and very pronounced. 'This research tugs not so gently at the wool in front of all of our eyes — revealing that heavy TV viewing, especially of food advertising — makes a difference to our children's diets,' said Frederick J Zimmerman, an assistant professor at the Child Health Institute of the University of Washington. 'This research suggests that heavy TV-viewing adolescents consume about 200 more calories per day than those who watch a moderate amount of TV. That is a lot of calories by anyone's count,' he said. Zimmerman also added that these findings will not be unexpected for people familiar with research connecting TV, advertising and diet.

3.......

The kids are still very young, and it is clear that parents have an important role to play in influencing their habits and choices. This is another key issue which we need to take note of. 'Parents need to adhere to the American Academy of Paediatrics' recommendation that children watch less than two hours of quality television per day,' said Barr-Anderson. 'This study is a clear wake-up call that entertainment media matter when it comes to health. Given the current obesity and overweight crisis in America, this study provides clear evidence that kids and parents should make a point of reducing sedentary time spent in front of a TV screen,' she said.

4 .......

Another recent worrying study on the state of health of our young ones include how poor sleep and lack of sleep were found to be causing heightened blood pressure in healthy adolescents. This increase could not be explained by other factors such as obesity or socioeconomic status. Even more alarming was what a study revealed — that children and teenagers had arteries which were as degenerated as middle aged adults. The study had found that more than 50 % of the 70 young persons who were involved in the study were about 3 decades older than their actual age. Intuitively, we could probably link all the adverse health effects. Too much late night TV, for example, would be a contributing factor for lack of sleep, while overindulgence in junk foods also harms arterial and heart health.

5 .......

'For those looking to nudge their families in the right direction, implement a rule in your home of no eating while the TV is on. Or if that's too tough, then insist that only fruits and vegetables and water get consumed while viewing TV. You could also require that for every hour of TV viewed, each member of the family needs to engage in at least 20 minutes of vigorous exercise,' suggested Thompson.

What is TRUE of Johan Reinhard, according to the text?

 What is NOT important for becoming an explorer, according to the author?

For questions (6–10) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).

Johan Reinhard: A Real Story

In 1995, among ice and volcanic ash 20,700 feet high in the Andes, Johan Reinhard discovered a 500-year-old Inca mummy. Reinhard is an explorer at the National Geographic Society. Here's his story in his own words.

I grew up in a small town in Illinois where the possibilities for exciting exploration were limited. But for a young boy, it was still an adventure to go camping along the river that flowed through the town. My father's job as a detective meant that I had a fascination with trying to solve “mysteries” as well. My childhood memories are of using fingerprinting and powder that showed up under ultraviolet light. And fishing and hunting took me outdoors. I read about the adventures of the Hardy Boys, then those of modern-day explorers, and I kept wondering why I couldn't do some of the same things. When I turned 16, I joined a railroad line gang, working with Southerners and travelling throughout the Midwest. I learned two valuable lessons: I could earn a living in difficult circumstances simply by working hard, and I was fascinated learning about people with a cultural background different from my own. I used my savings from the line gang to travel alone to Brazil, where I came into contact with jungle tribes. Back in the U.S., I began scuba diving, cave exploring, skydiving, and mountain climbing.

When I began studying cultural anthropology and archaeology at the University of Arizona, I saw unlimited possibilities for combining the outdoor skills I'd learned with anthropology in remote parts of the world. The next step seemed only logical: I decided I'd learn more by studying anthropology in a foreign country, since I'd be “living” anthropology while studying it in a different language. Once I had studied cinematography and learned to analyse unwritten languages, I felt ready for the career I'd foreseen for myself while still a boy: anthropological research.

With anthropology, my desire to visit little-known places could be combined with my interest in understanding other cultures. To me it seemed like I would be solving mysteries. I was fascinated by questions like: Why did people in the past build such unusual structures (such as giant drawings in the sand) in such difficult places (such as mountaintops)?

How can someone become an explorer? It is not necessary to be a great athlete, but it is necessary to be fit and to know how to take care of oneself and others in an emergency. Practical skills, such as mapping and auto repair, are always useful! Key is speaking a foreign language and being trained in a field of science. But perhaps one of the most important necessities is being able to form friendly relationships with diverse people under difficult circumstances (a good sense of humour is critical). Determination and a sense of responsibility may be enough for some expeditions.

6         What are Johan Reinhard's earliest memories about?

7.    What was Johan Reinhard's childhood dream?

8         What did Johan Reinhard spend his first money on?

Read the text and answer the question.

GM Food

Genetically modified food is produced from plants which have had their genes tweaked in the lab. Scientists "cut and paste" a gene from another organism into a plant's DNA to give it a new characteristic. This can be to increase yield or to allow the plant to exist in a more hostile environment than normal. Pro-GM scientists say this means cheaper more plentiful food but opponents argue we do not know the consequences of meddling with nature.

Farmers have modified their crops for thousands of years by crossing similar species. However, modern GM is controversial. Critics say the modified crops could "escape" and cross with wild plants with unknown consequences. They also argue that more chemicals are used on some GM fields which may have a negative impact on wildlife. And while no study has found GM food to be harmful to humans, opponents say it is too soon to be sure.

A group of biotechnology experts say it is time to loosen Europe's draconian regulations on genetically modified crops. In a report released today they argue that genetically modified crops have been used safely for decades, so no longer need to be automatically treated as unsafe. They also say that genetically modified crops should be reclaimed from multinational companies and treated as a public good.

3. One issue with GM plants is the potential to.........

Read the text and answer the question.

GM Food

Genetically modified food is produced from plants which have had their genes tweaked in the lab. Scientists "cut and paste" a gene from another organism into a plant's DNA to give it a new characteristic. This can be to increase yield or to allow the plant to exist in a more hostile environment than normal. Pro-GM scientists say this means cheaper more plentiful food but opponents argue we do not know the consequences of meddling with nature.

Farmers have modified their crops for thousands of years by crossing similar species. However, modern GM is controversial. Critics say the modified crops could "escape" and cross with wild plants with unknown consequences. They also argue that more chemicals are used on some GM fields which may have a negative impact on wildlife. And while no study has found GM food to be harmful to humans, opponents say it is too soon to be sure.

A group of biotechnology experts say it is time to loosen Europe's draconian regulations on genetically modified crops. In a report released today they argue that genetically modified crops have been used safely for decades, so no longer need to be automatically treated as unsafe. They also say that genetically modified crops should be reclaimed from multinational companies and treated as a public good.

5 GM foods ought to be ...........