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PYC3714-26-EX06

PYC3714-26-EX06

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A psychology lecturer wants to investigate whether students majoring in statistics perform better in quantitative reasoning than the general student population at a university. The average quantitative reasoning score for all university students is 70, while the average score for statistics majors is 75. Although the mean score of statistics students is higher than that of the overall student population, the lecturer cannot conclude that statistics students truly perform better. Why is it not appropriate to make this conclusion based solely on these results?

We need to consider the possibility of a measurement error.

We need to conduct a z-test first.

There is a problem with the sampling distribution.

We need to check the z-distribution to determine significance.

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Which of the following symbols is used to indicate the probability of making a Type I error?

Greek letters

like µ and σ

Cohen’s d

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Which of the following BEST distinguishes parametric from non-parametric statistical methods?

Parametric methods assume specific distributional properties (e.g., normality), while non-parametric methods do not

Parametric methods are used only for qualitative data, while non-parametric methods are used for quantitative data

Non-parametric methods require larger sample sizes than parametric methods

Parametric methods are always more accurate than non-parametric methods

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We can never know for sure whether a Type I error has been made. Why is this the case?

Type I error is always made but ignored because it is not significant.

The ‘true’

values of population parameters are unknown.

The p-value determines the probability of the measurement error

The probability values are based on statistical tables, which are based on calculations that have their own errors affecting their reliability.

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Which statement BEST distinguishes a construct from a variable in psychological research?

A construct refers to observable behaviour only, while a variable refers to unobservable mental processes.

A construct refers to the numerical values collected during research, while a variable refers to the tool used to collect the data.

A construct is an abstract concept, such as anxiety or intelligence, while a variable is the measurable form of that concept used in a study.

A construct is the procedure used to measure behaviour, while a variable is the theory underlying the research.

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What does it mean when two events are mutually exclusive in probability?

The two events can occur at the same time under certain conditions.

The two events have the same probability of occurring.

The occurrence of one event increases the probability that the other event will occur.

The occurrence of one event prevents the other event from occurring at the same time.

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In probability, what does independent mean?

When the event occurs, it does not affect the occurrence of the other events.

When two or more events are mutually exclusive.

When two or more standalone events are occurring.

When an occurrence of an event prevents the occurrence of the other.

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Using this contingency table, what is the population number of the

students surveyed?

Study Method	Male	Female	Row total
Individual	18	12	30
Group	12	18	30
Column total	30	30	60

60

18

12

30

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A researcher wants to investigate whether there is a relationship between levels of depression and academic performance among university students. She measures: Depression levels using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (higher scores = higher levels of depression), and Academic performance using final course marks (out of 100). Data was collected from 10 undergraduate students. The significance test for the correlation produces a p-value of p = 0.001, using α= 0.05. What conclusion should the researcher draw?

Reject the null hypothesis because p < α?

Accept the null hypothesis as true

The correlation is not statistically meaningful

Fail to reject the null hypothesis because p > α?

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A researcher wants to investigate whether there is a relationship between levels of depression and academic performance among university students. She measures: Depression levels using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (higher scores = higher levels of depression), and Academic performance using final course marks (out of 100). Data was collected from 10 undergraduate students. What type of graph will be used to demonstrate the relationship between depression and academic performance?

A contingency table

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