their confidence is reduced because of the

constructivist effect.

they are typically more correct than they estimate themselves to be.

they are almost as confident about their incorrect memories as they are about their correct memories.

their

confidence about their eyewitness testimony is strongly correlated with the

accuracy of the testimony.

there is no social pressure for the witness to

supply information.

someone

was carrying a weapon.

there

was a long delay between the event and the eyewitness testimony.

the misinformation is believable.

a

schema is like a flashbulb memory, because it contains so many details.

our

schema for an event tends to be highly accurate.

our schemas tend to guide our recall.

a

schema for an event is usually much more positive than the event really was.

researchers

agree that flashbulb memories are indeed more accurate than memories for other

important events.

people claim that they have accurate memories

for these events, but many researchers have found that the memories contain

inaccuracies.

during

the current era, no researcher has demonstrated more accurate recall for these

significant life events.

flashbulb

memories are accurate only for unpleasant memories, rather than for pleasant

ones.

remembering

that you must do a specific task in the future.

memory for issues and events from your own life.

research conducted in the laboratory.

memory

for the events that are related to the lives of relatives and close friends.

when the program is nonviolent.

when

the program is moderately violent.

when

the program is extremely violent.

when

the visual component of the program is nonviolent but the auditory component is

moderately violent.

an implicit-memory task.

a procedural memory task.

a

mood-congruent task.

an

explicit-memory task.

You dial a familiar phone number more quickly

than an unfamiliar phone number.

You are shown a set of photos, and you are asked

which ones are familiar because you have seen them before.

You supply free associations more quickly to

words that you have recently seen than to words you have not recently seen.

You are shown some word fragments, and you complete

the words more quickly if you have seen them before.

an

expert is more likely than a novice to show dissociation on a variety of tasks.

an

expert's performance is limited to the structure of his or her knowledge,

rather than organizational or rehearsal processes.

an

expert is even more likely than a novice to demonstrate encoding specificity.

a person's expertise is often limited to one specific area; he or she may have average-level performance in other areas.

people

were more accurate in the Spanish-Spanish condition, compared to the

English-English condition.

people were more accurate when the language of the stories matched the language of the questions.

there were no significant differences between

conditions, demonstrating that encoding-specificity effect is weak.