there is no evidence for the continuity of traits in non-humans

animal personality cannot be assessed reliably

similar personality traits exist in humans and non-human primates 

all mammals share 5 core traits

the environment is experimentally manipulated and heredity is held constant

heredity is experimentally manipulated and the environment is held constant

personality processes 

none of the response alternatives are correct

personality dynamics

the structure of personality

all of the response alternatives are correct

Neuroticism and Psychoticism have decreased over the past few decades

Psychopathy scores on the EPI have remain unchanged over the past few decades

psychological mechanisms are determined by evolving social norms and values

 psychological mechanisms have evolved to fit the challenge of local, modern societies

psychological mechanisms evolved because of their adaptive value.

most personality traits evolved to facilitate survival

genetic factors play a role in that trait

 there is no effect of environment

 there is no effect of shared environment

there is no effect of unshared environment

Cattell

Eysenck

Allport

the Likert Test

F values

patterns of correlations