Fear of failure

Anxiety about speaking

High motivation and self-confidence

Low self-esteem

Motivation based on external pressure

Instrumental motivation (for job or travel)

Integrative motivation (desire to integrate into the culture)

Extrinsic motivation with punishment

L3 is acquired in isolation from other languages

L3 always replaces L2 in the brain

L1 and L2 both can influence the learning of L3 positively or negatively

Growth of international trade

Transnational education

Migration

Development of local dialects

A person who speaks exactly two languages

A person who speaks English, French, and Arabic

A person who is learning a second language

A person who speaks English and Spanish

Using multiple dialects of the same language

Equal proficiency and use of two languages

Using a second language only in academic settings

Knowing one language better than another

The structure of vocal cords

Lung capacity

Brain plasticity and neural connectivity

Bilingualism means knowing more than two languages

Bilingualism involves two languages; multilingualism involves three or more

Multilingualism refers only to fluency in three or more languages

They mean exactly the same thing

It promotes the use of only English

It requires one language for all communication

It reduces the number of active languages

It fosters multilingual communication and expands users’ language repertoires

Globalization completely replaces native languages with English

Globalization increases language contact and encourages multilingualism

Globalization eliminates all languages except English

Globalization promotes only national languages