Network connectivity

Port scanning

File integrity

IP configuration

DNS resolution

Role-based access control

Kerberos authentication

Firewall policy

Capability token

ACL (Access Control List)

Reduce data redundancy

Prevent unauthorized data access

Optimize network resource usage

Improve connection speeds

Facilitate file compression

SSH

SNMP

HTTP

SMTP

FTP

Encrypt all files for security

Defragment disk storage

Prevent data loss during crashes

Increase the speed of disk read/write operations

Enable multiple users to access files simultaneously

Software piracy

Disk fragmentation

Malware already on the system

Unauthorized network access

Physical damage to hardware

Rotational allocation

Contiguous allocation

Indexed allocation

Static allocation

Linked allocation

Sequential is specific to SSDs, and direct to HDDs

Direct requires indexing; sequential is index-free

Sequential processes data linearly; direct allows access to specific data

Sequential is unordered; direct accesses blocks in sequence

Direct is slower than sequential

ifconfig

traceroute

netstat

ip

chmod

Provide a secure virtual machine

Execute user programs

Detect malware in memory

Manage processor scheduling

Optimize physical storage layout