Carbohydrates

that fuel brain function

Proteins

that build muscle tissue

Vitamins

that provide energy for cellular processes

Minerals

that conduct electrical impulses in the body and maintain fluid balance, nerve

transmission, and muscle function

Have no effect on either LDL or HDL

Raise LDL and lower HDL

Lower LDL and raise HDL

Only affect LDL levels 

20-35%

30-45%

15-25%

25-40%

In cis bonds, hydrogens are on the same side of the carbon chain; in trans bonds, hydrogens are on opposite sides

Cis fatty acids are artificially created, trans fatty acids occur naturally 

Trans fatty acids are longer than cis fatty acids

Trans fatty acids have more double bonds than cis fatty acids

They all are found in the same types of foods

They all contain double bonds

They all have the same chain length

They all have the same basic chemical structure: chain of C & H + an acid group (COOH) at one end, and a methyl group at the other.

Chylomicrons

HDL (High Density Lipoproteins)

LDL (Low Density Lipoproteins) 

VLDL (Very Low Density Lipoproteins)

It breaks down triglycerides directly

It signals gallbladder to release bile

It produces gastric lipase

It emulsifies fats in the stomach

1 g = 25 kJ

1 g = 37

1 g = 42 kJ

1 g = 17 kJ

There is no difference in double bond location

Omega-3 has 3 double bonds; omega-6 has 6 double bonds

Omega-3 has the first double bond 3 carbons from the carboxyl end; omega-6 has it 6 carbons from the carboxyl end