olivine, pyroxene,

feldspar and FeNi metal

olivine, feldspar,

granite and basalt

Fe, Mg, Si, O

garnet, pyroxene, olivine and quartz

meteorites,

basalt, peridotite and granite

Mercury

The Moon

Pluto

Mars

Earth

Venus

Mercury

The Moon

Mars

Earth

Less likely to contain olivine crystals on Earth.

More likely to contain olivine crystals on Earth.

FeNi metal sinks, but plagioclase and olivine

float.

Olivine sinks fastest, and both FeNi metal and plagioclase also sink.

Olivine sinks fastest, FeNi metal also sinks and plagioclase floats.

FeNi metal sinks fastest, olivine also sinks and plagioclase floats.

FeNi metal sinks fastest, and both olivine and plagioclase also sink.

Meltwater from glaciers on equatorial mountains in South America, flowing down rivers into the Pacific Ocean at that location, resulting in a cold zone in the Pacific Ocean.

Equatorial Ekman transport creating a low pressure zone at the surface of the ocean, which is filled by colder upwelling water from deeper in the ocean.

Equatorial Ekman transport creating a topographic high zone at the surface of the ocean, which is then cooled, as temperature decreases with elevation.

Surface winds from due North and due South blowing towards the equator from the North and South Poles, blowing cold surface water towards the equator. At the Equator this cold water has nowhere else to go, so it stays there as a cold band.

Icebergs from Antarctica, which are caught up in the Southern Hemisphere Ekman spiral, and drift northwards to melt at this location, resulting in a cold zone in the Pacific Ocean.

Ekman

transport integrated over the Ekman layer occurs at ~90° to the right in the

Southern Hemisphere.

Moving

water is deflected to the left in the Southern Hemisphere (or right in the Northern Hemisphere) by the coriolis

force.

Net

Ekman transport over the Ekman layer occurs at approximately 90° to the wind direction

The

effects of a wind stress on the ocean surface are transmitted down through the

water column by the action of turbulent eddies that are themselves generated by

the wind.

The

depth to which the effects of wind are felt is inversely proportional to the

Coriolis force magnitude (deeper near the equator and shallower away towards

the poles).

Density

Temperature

Pressure

Salinity

All

of the above ocean properties (a., b., c., and d.) decrease with depth.

One

quarter

One

fifth

One

third

One

half

All

of it