A penguin performs a 12 minute dive. During the dive response, a large increase in lactate production would be seen;

It is possible to prepare vesicles from portions of the inner membrane of the mitochondrial components. Which one of the following processes could still be carried on by this isolated inner membrane?

A scientist wanted to create a weed killer that would specifically target the weeds that grew under his apple orchard. There are a number of areas he could target that would efficiently kill plants including:

i. mitochondria

ii. plasma membrane

iii. rubisco

iv. cytochrome b6f complex

v. nuclear membrane

vi. cell wall

Which of the above areas would target the weeds, but not hurt the invertebrate animals that live in the soil?

In the following statement, fill in the blanks using one of the terms in the following list (do not include the comma). Terms that are not on the list will not be accepted.

NOTE: not all terms are required and some might be used more than once.  Spelling must be identical to that shown in the list and no punctuation marks should be included.

ATP, ATP synthase, the electron transport chain, electrons, glycolysis, photons, photosystem I, photosystem II, plastoquinone, the proton transport chain, protons

The scientist instead decided to target the binding site of ferredoxin to . This will directly disrupt by blocking movement of .

A potential issue with this weed killer could be:

In the following paragraph, fill in the blanks using one of the following terms (do not include the comma). NOTE: not all terms are required and some might be used more than once. Spelling must be identical to that shown in the list and no punctuation marks should be included.

Some bacteria carry out a type of photosynthesis that uses H₂S in place of H₂O. Assuming that the process is otherwise similar to green plant photosynthesis, which of the following could represent the overall reaction?

Photosynthetic bacteria evolved about 2.8 billion years ago in our planet’s oceans. Their evolution, and the oxygen they produced, had a profound effect on the chemistry of the ocean, which related to an overall change in colour. What was the colour change?

In the following statement, fill in the blanks using one of the terms in the following list (do not include the comma). Terms that are not on the list will not be accepted.

NOTE: not all terms are required and some might be used more than once.  Spelling must be identical to that shown in the list and no punctuation marks should be included.

ADP, ATP, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, DNA, FADH, NADH, oxygen, pyruvate, RNA, sugar, sun light, water

During photosynthesis is reduced to

In the following paragraph, fill in the blanks using one of the following terms (do not include the comma). NOTE: not all terms are required and some might be used more than once. Spelling must be identical to that shown in the list and no punctuation marks should be included.

calvin cycle, cell, chlorophyll, cristae, cytoplasm, cytosol, endomembrane, golgi apparatus, grana, intermembrane space, lumen, lysosome, matrix, mitochondria, nucleus, ribosome, stomata, stroma, thylakoid membrane

In chloroplasts the electron transport chain is embedded in the . These structures resemble flattened sacs that are stacked on top of each other to form . NADPH and ATP are used in carbohydrate synthesis which takes place in the .

In aquatic ecosystems, which statement is INCORRECT?

Macroalgae are typically labelled into three categories - red, brown or green algae. Where do these colour ‘labels’ typically come from?