they receive excitatory inputs that depolarise them closer to AP threshold and pre-synaptic inhibition that selectively blocks all inputs

the axon hillock has a lower threshold to produce an AP than the dendrites

they receive both inputs that depolarise them closer to AP threshold and inputs that hyperpolarise them further from AP threshold

the excitatory inputs that depolarises them can sum but the inhibitory inputs that hyperpolarises them cannot sum

they receive excitatory or inhibitory inputs that depolarise them closer to AP threshold at the axon hilloc

Make it more difficult for excitatory inputs to produce a post-synaptic potential large enough to trigger APs

Make it easier for excitatory inputs to produce a post-synaptic potential large enough to trigger APs

Trigger the activation of the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase ion pump

Trigger the opening of Na⁺ ion channels

To leave unaltered the probability of excitatory inputs producing a post-synaptic potential large enough to trigger APs

This is the point with the shortest relative refractory period

It is easiest for current to flow electrotonically here

It is easier to produce summation here

It is easiest to produce an AP at this point

This is the point with the shortest absolute refractory period

Indicate how neurons can selectively block or facilitate one input while leaving others unchanged

Are changes in the resting membrane potential of a cell targeted by a neuron

Are changes in the threshold of a cell targeted by a neuron

Both raise the axon hillock of the post-synaptic structure to AP threshold

Indicate how voltage-gated Ca⁺⁺ modulate responses in post-synaptic neurons