Arises most commonly from an increase in eyeball length

Arises from changes in the lens of the eye to cause divergence of light rays

Arises from changes in the cornea of the eye to cause divergence of light rays

Is the accomodative process for distance vision

Is the change in lens curvature to allow vision of near objects

Corneal accomomodation

Pupillary dilation

Lens accommodation

Foveal activation

Pupillary constriction

emmetropia

hypermetropia

spherical abberation

myopia

astigmatism

a shorter than normal eyeball

weak lens muscles

a longer than normal eyeball

a longer than normal eyeball and a weak lens muscles.

a shorter than normal eyeball and a weak lens muscles

Change it's shape to allow it to bind and activate the G-protein Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase

Change it's shape to allow it to bind and activate the G-protein Transducin

Change it's shape to allow it to bind and activate the G-protein Opsin

Change it's shape to allow it to bind and activate the G-protein cGMP

Change it's shape to allow it to bind and activate the G-protein PDE

rhodopsin 

xanthophylls

hemoglobin 

anthocyanin

chlorophyll 

Convexes the lens, dilates the pupil, and accommodates the lens

Dilates the pupil, accommodates the lens and converges the eye

Dilates in the dark and constricts in bright light

Dilates the pupil and converges the eye

Dilates in bright light and constricts in the dark

pinna

stirrup 

anvil

hammer 

oval window