Plasma and interstitial fluid   

Intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid  

Plasma and intracellular fluid

Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

Shorter loops of Henle

Shorter collecting ducts

Longer loops of Henle

No countercurrent system

It has its main effect on the proximal tubule.

It activates the cyclic AMP second-messenger system within the tubular cells.

It binds to intracellular nuclear receptors that stimulate the transcription of several target genes.

It reduces Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion.

not change if the plasma protein concentration increases.

increase.

decrease.

not change if the afferent arteriole dilates at the same time.

stimulate renin release via activation of alpha-adrenoreceptors.

dilate the afferent arterioles to prevent glomerular capillary pressure from falling.

cause increased sodium reabsorption in the loop of Henle.

have an increased firing rate.

collecting duct

loop of Henle

vasa recta

proximal tubule

Potassium

Creatinine

Bicarbonate

Sodium

atrial natriuretic peptide

aldosterone

renin

anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin)

decreased extracellular fluid volume

decreased Na⁺ reabsorption

decreased K⁺ secretion

hypokalemia

glomerular filtration rate is increased

sodium reabsorption is decreased and therefore sodium excretion is decreased

plasma levels of angiotensin II are increased

aldosterone is released from the adrenal medulla