Embodied energy

Cost

Toxicity

Geological scarcity

Climate Action, Economic, Social

Life below water, Life on Land, Climate Action

Environmental, Economic, Social

Zero Hunger, Quality Education, Good Health & Wellbeing

Al & O & Ti

Al

Al & O & Ca

Al & O

D

A

C

E

B

The density of bonds varies with direction

There is a close packed direction in metals

The bond strength varies with direction

The grains are likely to be randomly oriented with their similar atom planes in various directions

the elastic modulus of the material decreases

the material is plastically deformed and the volume of the material decreases

the bonds are stretched as the atoms are displaced from their equilibrium position

the atoms move closer to each other in the direction of the applied stress

the atoms slide past one another into new equilibrium positions

Copper has a larger Burger's vector than titanium

Titanium has fewer slip systems

Copper has fewer slip systems

Titanium has a larger Burger's vector than copper

Titanium has many more dislocations than copper