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BMS3031 - Molecular mechanisms of disease - S1 2026
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Human kidneys contain a finite number of nephrons that is established before birth and does not increase thereafter. Large autopsy, imaging, and histological studies have shown that nephron number varies widely between individuals and that average nephron counts differ between populations studied in different regions of the world.
When comparing populations with different mean
nephron numbers, which explanation most strongly accounts for these observed
differences?
During metanephric kidney development, two embryonic tissues interact closely: the ureteric bud, which grows out from the mesonephric duct and undergoes repeated branching, and the metanephric mesenchyme, which differentiates to form the nephrons. Proper signalling between these tissues is essential for formation of the mature kidney.
A disruption specifically inhibits budding of the ureteric bud from the left Wolffian (mesonephric) Duct. Which outcome would most likely be observed?
Formation of the definitive (metanephric) kidney depends on tightly regulated reciprocal interactions between two embryonic tissues. The ureteric bud arises as an outgrowth from the mesonephric (Wolffian) duct and undergoes repeated branching to form the collecting duct system, renal pelvis, calyces, and ureter. At the same time, the surrounding metanephric mesenchyme must receive appropriate signals from the ureteric bud in order to differentiate into nephrons. Failure of either tissue to form or interact properly leads to predictable structural defects in kidney development.
In an experimental model, signalling pathways required for initiation of the ureteric bud are selectively disrupted on the side, while development on the left proceeds normally. Which outcome would most likely be observed at birth?
The number of nephrons in a human kidney varies substantially between individuals. Studies across different populations report different mean nephron counts, raising questions about the factors that influence this variation.
Which explanation would most strongly account
for differences in mean nephron number between populations?
What does the graph below indicate about the success of IVF cycles?
What does the graph below indicate about nephron number and birth weight?
In the graph above P = protein, C = carbohydrates and F = fat. This data comes from a study on rats that were subjected to fetal growth restriction.
Pregnant mice were fed one of the two diets, indicated in the diagram above, and the nephron number in the kidneys of their offspring was determined. What can we conclude about the impact of the maternal diet on the nephron number of the rat offspring?
In the graph below each symbol represents a distinct district or borough. What does the data in the figure above indicate?
What does the graph below indicate about the success of IVF cycles?
What does the graph below indicate about nephron number and birth weight?