In positional tendons, the IFM is primarily responsible for elastic energy storage through extensive crimping.

The IFM is more glycosaminoglycan-rich in energy-storing tendons, supporting greater interfascicular sliding and energy dissipation during dynamic loading.

The IFM in energy-storing tendons has higher collagen cross-link density, reducing fascicle sliding and favoring elastic recoil.

 The IFM composition and mechanics are identical between both tendon types due to conserved loading conditions.

Peak Power can only be obtained by elite cyclists

Average Power is equal to Peak Power

Peak Power cannot be achieved

Peak Power is usually achieved in the first 5 seconds

30.5 kJ/mol

25.5 kJ/mol

40.5 kJ/mol

38.5 kJ/mol

GTO activation has no effect on muscle force output or tendon mechanics in dynamic tasks.

GTO activation enhances alpha-motoneuron drive, promoting greater tendon stiffness and injury resistance.

GTO feedback inhibits excessive muscle tension, limiting the risk of tendon rupture by reducing force transmission when strain surpasses a safe threshold.

It triggers autonomous local vasodilation within the tendon, increasing nutrient delivery during eccentric loading.

It increases

It decreases

It remains the same

It initially increases, but later decreases

Eccentric

Concentric

Both concentric and eccentric

Isometric

Elite sprinters have a higher capillary density in their muscles, which improves oxygen delivery and waste removal.

Elite sprinters have improved aerobic capacity 

Elite sprinters often have a higher VO2 max, which reflects their enhanced aerobic capacity and endurance.

Elite sprinters possess a higher density of mitochondria in their muscle cells, enhancing their ability to generate ATP from oxidation quickly.

Glycolytic system

Carbohydrate oxidation

Fat oxidation

Phosphagen system

Muscle fibres get smaller

The number of sarcomeres decreases

Creatine kinase levels rise

Creatine kinase levels begin to decline

To provide energy to muscle cells during exercise.

To repair damaged muscle fibers by fusing with them and promoting growth.

To break down muscle tissue to release amino acids.

To produce lactic acid to help muscles recover faster.