Breaks dependency inversion.

Requires subclassing to change product creation.

Cannot create product families.

Increased code duplication.

Bridge pattern.

Adapter pattern.

Builder pattern.

Factory Method.

Singleton Logger.

Arrays.asList().

Java’s Collections.unmodifiableList().

Java’s JDBC API decoupling drivers from clients.

Object Adapter.

Bridge.

Factory Method.

Class Adapter.

Using static utility methods.

Using reflection only.

Using inheritance and polymorphism to defer instantiation.

Using dependency injection frameworks.

Decorator and Builder.

Abstract Factory and Factory Method.

Builder and Adapter.

Bridge and Singleton.

Decouple abstraction from implementation so they can vary independently.

Convert interface to another.

Create product families.

Build complex objects step by step.

It cannot override methods.

Java does not support multiple inheritance.

It only works with interfaces.

It breaks encapsulation.