1450 ft

594 ft

856 ft

2044 ft

Warm, dry air at low level and extremely stable conditions.

Cold, dry air at low level that is overlain by warm, moist air above.

Very moist air at low level and wind shear that increases with height.

cold, moist air at medium level and stable air at high level.

TAF LSZH 101500Z 1016/1101 05020G35KT 8000 BKN015 TEMPO 1017/1020 05018KT

TAF LSZH 101500Z 1016/1101 VRB02KT 8000 NSC BECMG 1016/1018 3500 MIFG BECMG

(5) lightning; (3) gust front; (1) windshear.

(3) severe windshear; (5) windshear.

(1) lightning: (4) gust front; (3) windshear.

(3) no wind; (5) windshear; (1) lightning.

The temperature rise due to the impact of water droplets has to be significant in order to delay freezing on the

The latent heat released on freezing allows the supercooled large water droplets to flow back.

Rapid freezing of small droplets is necessary to result in a broad coverage over the wing.

Water droplets have to be small to open the possibility to form a clear layer of ice as they freeze directly on

In the vicinity of a jet stream.

In a subsidence inversion layer.

In icing areas near warm fronts.

Above the tropopause.

065°(T)/45 kt

245°(T)/45 kt

275°(T)/45 kt

095°(T)/45 kt

Shear turbulence

Thermal turbulence

Mechanical turbulence

Aerodynamic turbulence

Conditional instability and high moisture content

A Stable conditions and high moisture content

Unstable conditions and high atmospheric pressure

Stable conditions and low atmospheric pressure

The accurate forecasting of the severity, extent, and levels affected by turbulence is based on modelling;

The turbulence forecasts on significant weather charts are based on modern and comprehensive computer

The forecasts of en-route turbulence issued by the Meteorological Watch Office for the FIR are NOT