Approximately 090 degrees or 270 degrees.

Approximately 180 degrees or 360 degrees.

90 degrees left or right of the inbound course.

90 degrees left or right.

158°

160°

168°

164°

relative bearing on an RMI

relative bearing on a fixed card indicator

true bearing on an RMI

magnetic bearing on a fixed card indicator

Excessive LOC and GP deviations.

Absence of both carrier waves.

A difference in depth of modulation of zero.

Loss of ILS ident transmission.

Timed straight leg without track guidance and a 180 turn to the right to intercept the inbound track.

260 turn to the right to intercept the inbound track.

Timed straight leg without track guidance and a 180 turn to the left to intercept the inbound track.

Timed turn to the left to intercept the inbound track.

Twilight/night Effect

Static Discharge 

Shoreline/coastal Effect 

Mountain Effect 

Direct waves interfere with ionosphere waves.

Sky waves are refracted from the D-layer.

Because of the curvature of the Earth.

Ground waves are absorbed by the Earth's surface.

The magnetic bearing of the aircraft from the station, magnetic heading to the station, aircraft position in

relation to the station, and distance from the station.

The true bearing of the aircraft from the station, magnetic bearing of the aircraft from the station, true

heading (in no wind) to the station, and magnetic heading (in no wind) to the station.

The true bearing of the aircraft from the station, true heading (in no wind) to the station, aircraft position in

relation to the station, and distance from the station.

The true bearing of the aircraft from the station, magnetic bearing of the aircraft from the station, true heading

to the station (with a wind correction angle applied), and magnetic heading (with a wind correction angle

applied) to the station.

Type B, 3D approach

Type A, 2D approach

Type A, 3D approach

Type B, 2D approach

 Wavelength decreases 

Wavelength and amplitude increases 

Wavelength remains the same

Wavelength increases