The visceral pleura is torn by a fractured rib.

Several ribs are fractured at two sites.

Increasing fluid in the pleural cavity causes atelectasis.

An open puncture wound involves the pleural membranes.

Drugs that block 2-adrenergic receptors

Epinephrine

Histamine

Parasympathetic nervous system

Residual lung volume increases.

Forced expiratory volume increases.

Vital capacity increases.

Tidal volume increases.

Acetylcholine

Aldosterone

Norepinephrine

Vasopressin

It is flowing into the left atrium

Hydrostatic pressure is very high

PO2 is low

PCO2 is low

Anemia

Erythrocytosis

Leukopenia

Leukocytosis

90/50 mm Hg .

80/40 mm Hg .

110/70 mm Hg .

95/60 mm Hg .

150/95 mmHg .

120/80 mm Hg .

139/89 mm Hg .

160/100 mm Hg .

Parasympathetic stimulation depresses the SA node.

The ventricles contract before the atria.

Delayed conduction through the AV node blocks ventricular stimulation.

Insufficient blood is supplied to the myocardium.

irregular heart rate and force, reducing blood supply to coronary arteries.

total obstruction of a coronary artery, which causes myocardial necrosis.

cardiac output that is insufficient to meet the needs of the heart and body.

temporary vasospasm that occurs in a coronary artery