Al-Farabi

Cicero

Herder

Tylor

Plato

cultural institutions

 cultural realia

elements of cultures

 cultural universals

cultural dimensions

emphasizes maintaining relationships and social harmony

uniqueness or individuality, personal goals, independence, self-reliance, self-sufficiency and privacy

the idea that nations or ethnic identities are fixed, natural, and ancient

respecting and upholding traditional values, morality, norms, and practices of one's own social group

 a sense of national consciousness exalting one nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests

modernization

cultural policy

memory

multiculturalism

glocalization

a sense of national consciousness exalting one nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests

emphasizes maintaining relationships and social harmony

a global movement in society and culture that from the early decades of the twentieth century sought a new alignment with the experience and values of modern industrial life

respecting and upholding traditional values, morality, norms, and practices of one's own social group

uniqueness or individuality, personal goals, independence, self-reliance, self-sufficiency and privacy

National

Personal

Universal

Interpersonal

Ockham razor

Falsifiability

Socio-biological view 

Linguistic relativity 

Symbolic view