A 44-year-old woman visits her physician for her yearly check-up. Her laboratory tests reveal fasting blood glucose levels of 7.5mM (normal < 6.1 mM) and HbAc1 of 6.7 mM (normal < 6 mM).  

What is the single best diagnosis in this condition? 

A 13-year-old boy with a new onset diabetes mellitus type 1, presents to his pediatrician to start an insulin regimen.  

What is the most likely expected metabolic process that will be activated by this treatment? 

A 27-year-old man graduate student with type 1 diabetes mellitus is referred to the hospital by his university health service for management of a hypoglycemic attack.  

Which pancreatic reaction is most likely expected to happen to raise blood glucose level in this case?    

The adrenal cortex is formed of 3 zones. One of them is formed of arched cords of columnar cells with amphophilic cytoplasm and many capillaries located just beneath a layer of connective tissue.  

What is this zone? 

A 30-year-old man with type 1 diabetes mellitus is brought to the emergency room with loss of consciousness and acetone smell of his breath. The physician examines him and finds that he has signs of dehydration, lab investigations show ketone bodies in urine. 

      What are the most likely metabolic changes in this patient? 

A 36 year old woman develops milk discharge from her nipple (galactorrhea). Her GP orders a hormonal profile.  

Which hormone can be expected to be elevated in her laboratory tests? 

A 25-year-old woman presents with intermittent left flank pain, hematuria, and proteinuria. She mentions experiencing occasional abdominal discomfort and nausea. The patient has no history of trauma or infection. The condition is diagnosed as nutcracker syndrome. Compression of which of the following veins is the most likely cause of her symptoms? 

A 32-year-old man is admitted to the emergency department with visual problems. Radiographic examination reveals a tumor of the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary gland). Physical examination reveals a loss of the lateral halves of the fields of vision of both eyes (bitemporal hemianopia or “tunnel vision”). 

Which of the following structures was most likely compressed by the tumor?  

You are discussing the endocrine function of the pancreas with your professor.  

What mechanism most likely decreases insulin secretion from the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans? 

A 10-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department with abdominal pain, deep rapid breathing, and frequent urination. His mother reports excessive thirst and recent weight loss. Blood tests reveal high glucose and ketones. 

Which single diagnosis best explains these findings of ketoacidosis, hyperglycemia, and osmotic diuresis?